The Fluid Mosaic Model Of Membrane Structure

The Fluid Mosaic Model Of Membrane Structure The fluid mosaic model of membrane structure is a cell membrane that behaves like a two- dimensional liquid of mixed composition. The cell membrane is described to be fluid because of its hydrophobic components that are integrated into the membrane structure such as lipids and membrane proteins that move sideways throughout the membrane. That means the membrane more like a fluid. The membrane is referred to as mosaic because like a mosaic that is made up of many different parts the cell membrane has a mixed composition of lipids and proteins. The cell membrane gets it fluidity because the phospholipids in a typical cell membrane are not bonded to one another. Each phospholipid molecule has a head that is attracted to water that is pointing toward the outside of the cell membrane, making it hydrophilic, and a tail that repels water forming the inside of the bilayer, making it non-polar hydrophobic, but this is, on an individual basis, relatively weak. Proteins and substances such as c holesterol become embedded in the bilayer, but the plasma membrane has the consistency of vegetable oil at body temperature, so the proteins and other substances are able to move across it. The molecules that are embedded in the cell membrane also serve a purpose. For example, the cholesterol that gets stuck in there makes the membrane more stable and prevents it from solidifying when your body temperature is low. Carbohydrate chains attach to the outer surface of the cell membrane and form glycoproteins and glycolipids. These carbohydrates are specific to every person, and they supply characteristics such as your blood type. Functions of Following: Ribosomes: Ribosomes are found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Ribosomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes are both protein synthesizers and contain ribonucleic acid but they differ in their composition. This is why some antibiotics can take advantage of this difference to kill prokaryotes (bacteria) while not harming eukaryotes (ourselves). Prokaryotes are single-celled and they have no nucleus. In prokaryotes the ribosomes are free floating in cytoplasm because they have no nucleus. Cytoplasm is a gel-like substance that is inside the cell membrane. It holds all the organelles of a cell. These floating ribosomes are the protein synthesizers and contain ribonucleic acid (RNA). Eukaryotes are organisms that consist of one or more cells and normally have a nucleus. The nucleus is the organelle in which chromosomes are stored and protected from the activities that occur in the cells cytoplasm. In eukaryotes the ribosomes are contained within the nucleus. Ribosomes are attached to the outer surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and free in the cytoplasm. Ribosomes make polypeptides that thread into the interior of the ER as they are assembled. The synthesis of RNA and protein is the main function of ribosomes. The RNA and proteins exit the nucleus by nuclear pores that are in the nuclear envelope. The nuclear envelope is made up of two membranes. These membranes have holes that are called the nuclear pores. This is how the proteins and RNA exit the nucleus and move on to the rest of the cell or are dispersed outside the cell. Endoplasmic Reticulum: The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is part of the endomembrane system, which is an extension of the nuclear envelope. There are two parts that make up the ER, the smooth ER and the rough ER. These two parts of ER are continuous with each other. The rough ER has thousands of ribosomes that are attached to it. This makes the ER appear bumpy under an electron microscope giving it its name. It is a network of flattened sacs and tubes or channels in the cytoplasm formed by highly folded membranes. The rough ER is a continuation of the protein synthesis for those proteins that are to be transported from the cell. The newly synthesized proteins are transported to the lumen, inside of the ER, where they can begin to be modified into their complex shape. The proteins are then transported through the lumen of the rough ER to the smooth ER where further processing of the protein may occur. The smooth ER has no ribosomes to give it the bumpy appearance so it is referred to as smooth. Since there are no ribosomes, it does not make protein. Although, some of the polypeptides made in the rough ER end up as enzymes in the smooth ER. It is more tubular than rough ER and has a separate network of functions. Its main function is to make lipids, enzymes, and other proteins destined for secretion, or for insertion into cell membranes. It also plays a large part in detoxifying and recycling wastes, as well as other specialized functions. Golgi Apparatus: The Golgi apparatus consists of a series of flattened sacs with vesicles pinching off from the edges This organelle has a folded membrane that typically looks like a stack of pancakes. It receives many of the vesicles produced by the smooth ER. Vesicles are small organelles formed by a pocket of membrane pinching off from the ER to the Golgi apparatus and from the other end of Golgi apparatus. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins made by the ER before sending them out to the cell. Proteins enter the Golgi on the side by the ER and exit on the opposite side that faces the plasma membrane of the cell. Proteins are further processed along the way and become modified and packaged for transport to various locations within the cell. Some proteins will be packaged in vesicles for secretion from the cell while other proteins will be packaged to produce other organelles such as lysosomes that are used for cellular digestion. The finished products are transported by the vesicles that carry t hem to lysosomes or to the plasma membrane. Lysosomes: Lysosomes are membranous sacs of enzymes that bud from the Golgi. Lysosomes have various roles. Lysosomes serve as vessels for waste disposal. They contain powerful enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids in cellular digestion. They also serve as vessels for recycling the cells organic material. Enzymes inside them break large molecules into smaller subunits that the cell can use as building material or eliminate. In humans, a variety of inherited conditions can affect lysosomes. These defects are called storage diseases and include Pompes disease and Tay-Sachs disease. People with these disorders are missing one or more of the lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes. Abnormal storage causes inefficient functioning and damage of the bodys cells, which can lead to serious health problems, including death. Using the Data Analysis Exercise at the top of page 75 in the textbook, answer the following questions: Abnormal Motor Proteins Cause Kartagener Syndrome An abnormal form of the motor protein dynein causes Kartagener syndrome, a genetic disorder characterized by chronic sinus and lung infections. Biofilms form in the thick mucus that collects in the airways, and the resulting bacterial activities and inflammation damage tissues. Affected men can produce sperm but are infertile Some have become fathers after a doctor injects their sperm cells directly into eggs. Review Figure 4.25, then explain how abnormal dynein could cause the observed effects. Observe how the abnormal protein dynein alters flagella. Why would this abnormal protein cause a build up of mucus in ones airways? Kartagener syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by a mutated form of a protein dynein. People that are affected by this disease have chronically irritated sinuses, and mucus build up in the airways to their lungs. Bacteria also forms in the thick mucus. The disease typically progresses to overt bronchiectasis during late childhood or early adulthood and can ultimately causes chronic respiratory failure. This disease is affected by the cilia and flagella which are appendages extending from the body of most eukaryotic cells. Motile cilia line the upper and lower airways of the lung. Motile cilia are rod-like organelles that extend from the airway cell surface and move the mucus by synchronized beating. There are about 200 motile cilia in the respiratory tract of a healthy individual. They are responsible for movement of the cell itself or the generation of fluid flow, such as mucus. Beating coordinately, these cilia function to remove mucus and debris from the airway in a process call ed mucocilliary clearance. When the cilia malfunction, there is buildup of mucus and debris in the tract, which leads to respiratory difficulties. Immotile or respiratory cilia cause defective Mucociliary Clearance, because of the lack of uniform ciliary movement to transport particles, or mucus in or out of the organs or cells. Why would this cause infertility unless the sperm were artificially injected into egg cells? Males that are affected by Kartegener syndrome can produce sperm, but they are infertile. Sperm count is typically normal, but sperm are immotile due to the absence of dynein flagella or motility is severely limited due to a shortening of the flagella. Some can still become fathers with the help of a procedure that injects sperm cells directly into eggs.

Trial balance

What is a Trial Balance? State its objectives and characteristics. Give some reasons for disagreement of the Trial Balance. A ‘Trial Balance' is a list of all the General ledger accounts (both revenue and capital) contained in the ledger of a business. This list will contain the name of the nominal ledger account and the value of that nominal ledger account. The value of the nominal ledger will hold either a debit balance value or a credit balance value.The debit balance values will be listed in the debit column of the trial balance and the redit value balance will be listed in the credit column. The profit and loss statement and balance sheet and other financial reports can then be produced using the ledger accounts listed on the trial balance. The following are the important objectives of trial balance: 1. To Check The Arithmetical Accuracy Trial balance is based on the double-entry principle of debit equals credit or credit equals debit. As a result, the debit and credit col umns of trial balance must always be equal.If they do, it is assumed that the recordings of financial transactions are ccurate. Conversely, if they do not, it is assumed that they are not arithmetically accurate. Therefore, one important purpose of preparing trial balance is to provide a check on the arithmetical accuracy of the recordings of the financial transactions. 2. To Help Locate Accounting Errors Since the trial balance indicates if there is any error committed in the Journal and the ledger, it helps the accountant to locate the error because the starting point of locating errors is trial balance itself. 3.To Summarize the Financial Transactions A business performs several numbers of financial transactions during a certain period of time. The transactions themselves cannot portray any picture of the financial affairs of the business. For that purpose, a summary of the transactions has to be drawn. The trial balance is prepared with a view to summarize all the financial tran sactions of the business. 4. To Provide the Basis for Preparing Final Accounts Final accounts are prepared to show profit and loss and the financial position of the business at the end of an accounting period.These accounts are prepared by using the debit and credit of all ledger accounts. Therefore, since the trial balance is a statement of the debit and credit balances of the ledger accounts, it provides the basis for the preparation of the final accounts. Characteristics of Trial Balance 1. It is a list of balances of all Ledger accounts and Cash Book 2. It is not a part of the double entry system of book-keeping. It is only a working paper. 3. It can be prepared on any date 4. It verifies the arithmetical accuracy of posting of entries from the Journal to the Ledger. 5.

The Effects Of Propaganda On Women s Rights - 1679 Words

On 5 September 1995, Hillary Clinton, former first Lady of the United States, was invited by the Women Health Security Colloquium, which was sponsored by the World Health Organization, to attend the Fourth U.N. World Conference on Women in Beijing, China. As the Honorary Chairperson of the United States delegation to the conference, she gave the speech, Women s Rights Are Human Rights in the first few days during a special Plenary Session. In the speech, she utilized several persuasive techniques, also known as propaganda, grasping people s attention in order to achieve support for the claim of the women s rights she was devoted to. Propaganda is usually a speech device that people intently use to induce or intensify others †¦show more content†¦She is telling her audience that we should listen to her points because she is one of us, and thus has similar goals and interests to us. We are effectively led to believe that we should trust her so that we can overcome our shared struggles to achieve those shared goals and that shared future. Through plain-folks appeal, she turns her audience into trusting comrades-in-arms. She then employs the bandwagon technique in a similar manner. When she says, That is why every woman, every man, every child, every family, and every nation on our planet has a stake in the discussion that takes place here, she is again promoting that idea of oneness, which is the sharing of both struggles and goals. In the bandwagon technique, however, the goal is to pressure people to believe what everyone else believes and to conform, thus being faithful to the conference. There is a call to action. Clinton is telling the audience to jump on the bandwagon, because if one of them does not, that is the equivalent of turning away from your fellows. In the speech, she further strengthens the credibility of her argument by appealing to other emotions, such as pity and fear. Appealing to pity is achieved by attempting to win the audience s sympathy by giving examples of rightfully pitiable situations, in order to convince us of the conclusion or solution she will propose. One sees this technique inShow MoreRelatedThe Cold War Between The United States Of America And The Soviet Union1501 Words   |  7 Pagespieces of propaganda and articles written during the time had largely impacted American popular opinion and had powerful effects on the culture among young men and women of the 1940’s and 1950’s. â€Å"The Red Iceberg† comic book cover, published and presented during the Cold War era, was one use of media that perpetuated the negative effects of Soviet Union political influence while promoting the righteousness of the United States. 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Gods Wrath Against Sinful Humanity - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2906 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/08/07 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Homosexuality Essay Did you like this example? The wrath of God is being revealed from heaven against all the godlessness and wickedness of people, who suppress the truth by their wickedness, 19 since what may be known about God is plain to them, because God has made it plain to them. 20 For since the creation of the world Gods invisible qualities his eternal power and divine nature have been clearly seen, being understood from what has been made, so that people are without excuse. For although they knew God, they neither glorified him as God nor gave thanks to him, but their thinking became futile and their foolish hearts were darkened. 22 Although they claimed to be wise, they became fools 23 and exchanged the glory of the immortal God for images made to look like a mortal human being and birds and animals and reptiles. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Gods Wrath Against Sinful Humanity" essay for you Create order Therefore God gave them over in the sinful desires of their hearts to sexual impurity for the degrading of their bodies with one another.25 They exchanged the truth about God for a lie, and worshiped and served created things rather than the Creator†who is forever praised.Amen. 26 Because of this, God gave them over to shameful lusts. Even their women exchanged natural sexual relations for unnatural ones. 27 In the same way the men also abandoned natural relations with women and were inflamed with lust for one another. Men committed shameful acts with other men, and received in themselves the due penalty for their error. Homosexuality and the New Testament Homosexuality can be defined as an attraction between any two people of same gender. In the newtestament, homosexuality is discussed in the book of Romans, which biblical scholars agree to have been composed by apostle Paul. The text for homosexuality is found in Romans 1 18:32 and is discussed along with paganism. According to Merriam-Webster dictionary, Pagan is a person who has little or no religion and who delights in sensual pleasures and material good. Homosexuality and paganism has been taken side by side and portrayed as unnatural act by Paul in the Letters to the Romans. In the recent years, homosexuality has been in topic of discussion and whether or not homosexuality is considered wrong or sin by the new testament has been a controversy. In this essay, depth on the text regarding the background, interpretations along with the details on the questions such as: What was Paul thinking? What was happening during that time in the Roman empire? Why dies Paul condemn homosexualit y? Why does he associate same sex relationship with pagan worship will be discussed in the essay. During the first century, around 57-58 A.D, Rome was ruled by Nero. At that time, Rome was at peak of power and controlled all the land around the Mediterranean sea. It was also the trade center of the world. It was an influenticial city with people all around the world for trade and to generate income. The economic status of Rome was very good at that time. There were emperors, merchants and people of high class who enjoyed the Roman life a lot more compared to the people of lower economic status and slaves. The social class of Rome consisted of: Patricians: They were the rulers. They were rich and had access to all the entertainment and luxury available at Rome during that time. The makers of the law. They were the business men. Government officials and people of power. Plebians: They were the common citizens. They had a decent lifestyle with enough income to support the family. They were small business men and ordinary people. Slaves: The slaves were the lowerclass people. They were not the citizens and were not given any rights or freedom. They worked for the patricians and the plebeians. They were mostly the soldiers captured during wars. As people from all over the world were found in Rome, the Religion in Rome was very diverse. Sexuality and gender was also a topic of acceptance. During that time, when Paul wrote Roman 1-18-27, homosexuality was not considered anything different than heterosexuality. The roman way of life was a lot different than today. According to Sprinkle (2013) in his article, Homosexuality in Ancient Rome and why it matters he states that, First century Romans didnt think in terms of sexuality but in terms of gender. There was a bit of cross over when it came to which gender you had sexual relationship with; what mattered most was whether you played the active or passive role in the intercourse. Same sex intercourse were not a taboo and men having intercourse with other men or slaves was not considered out of the ordinary. In the Romans 1: 18-37, Paul focuses on the actions that are unnatural or that is against god. The text can be interpreted in many ways. Paul associates homosexuality and paganism side to side as unnatural acts; acts that puts you away from god. According to koukl (2003), This text is a crystal clear condemnation of homosexuality by the Apostle Paul in the middle of his most brilliant discourse on general revelation. Paul is not speaking to a localized aberration of pedophilia or temple prostitution thats part of life in the capital of Greco-Roman culture. He is talking about a universal condition of man.Regarding the same-sex behavior itself, here are the specific words Paul uses: a lust of the heart, an impurity that is dishonoring to the body (v. 24); an indecent act and an error (v. 27); a degrading passion thats unnatural (v. 29); not proper and the product of a depraved mind (v. 28).Theres only one way the clear sense of this passage can be missed: if someone is in total revolt against God, which is precisely Pauls point. According to the apostle, homosexual behavior is evidence of active, persistent rebellion against ones Creator. Verse 32 shows its rooted in direct, willful, aggressive sedition against God†true of all so-called Christians who are defending their own homosexuality. Gods response is explicit: They are without excuse (v. 20). Here it is interpreted how Paul says that homosexuality is a sin as it is not normal but to the homosexual people it is not a choice but how they are. When a homosexual person reject his natural tendencies and puts himself through a heterosexual intercourse, it can be considered un natural. The text is not clear about how Paul refers to it being unnatural. As quoted in Joseph Nicolosi Linda Ames Nicolosi, Homosexuality is not biologically determined. Neither is it chosen by homosexuals, strictly speaking (i.e., the desire is not chosen, though the behavior is). Instead, it seems that developmental factors during formative stages of a persons life account for the idiosyncrasies of ones sexual tastes. It can be argued that when a person feels a desire towards same sex, it is not a choice. So, when a person feels it, it is because of gods will for the person to feel so, turning away from gods will would be a sin. Pauls condemnation to violate their sexual orientation for a homosexual to act heterosexually, would be going against gods design. Another reason why Paul is against homosexuality, not considering gods design could be because as (brooten, love between women, 216, 302, 303). puts it, paul condemns sexual relations between women as ?unnatural because he shares the widely held cultural view that women are passive by nature and ther efore should remain passive in sexual relations . This adds to show that Paul wasnt against erotic same sex act but men acting passive during intercourse, which gives a point about misogyny but nothing about homosexuality being a sin. Gay sex shows to take away masculine power from a man, which affects Paul. Another way this can be viewed is as interpreted by Brownson, who concluded that, whenever same-sex eroticism IS viewed negatively, particularly in sources contemporaneous with Paul, it is regarded as a particular manifestation of self-centered lust, one that is not content with women alone but is driven to ever-more exotic and unnatural forms of stimulation in the pursuit of pleasure. It represents the pinnacle of wanton self-indulgence at the expense of others. which adds a new light to the topic about how Paul could have viewed homosexuality as pervertd in nature as he thinks it is due to lust, a man cannot fulfill his satisfaction with just a woman and so goes on to a man. Sprinkler (January2015, 500) adds to the argument that, This argument captures an important perspective in Pauls world; no one can deny with any historical credibility that homosexual behavior was often believed to result from excessive lust and uncontrollable sexual desire. They are wrong, however, in leaving out other alternative perspectives that do not fit foe excessive-lust model. This may be that maybe Paul condemns lust, and perverted nature of men, rather than the homosexual act in itself, as man lying with a man, could be a desire. Another part of the coin is that homosexuality can be considered unnatural the genitilia of a man is matched to that of a woman. Koukl ( June 2002) claims that, As to what is natural for homosexuals, the testimony of nature is clear: Homosexuals have male sex organs designed by nature to fit the sex organs of females, not other males. If homosexuals have desires for men rather than women, its clear that, however they developed those desires, it is contrary to their natural, physical provision. From this we can take to the argument that even though the same sex desire may itself not be unnatural, the course of action, the intercourse in itself, which is a choice can be looked as un natural, when looked through the eyes of Paul. Even to this day, the fact that one person is not born gay, and so it cannot be stated as an natural thing stands. According to Paul,when pagans moved away from the true god, worshipping materials and idols, god punished them, the Gentiles, by giving them homosexual desire. The desire they cannot control over but this desire is also a sin. And the action taken to fulfill the desire leads the pagans away from god and makes them more sinner. From SIN AS SEX OR SEX AS SIN? ROM 1:18-32 AS FIRST CENTURY THEOLOGICAL ARGUMENT by James punt, we find out that, As mentioned above, homoerotic acts are described as the consequences of the Gentiles error for not acknowledging God: God has given them over to impurity, dishonorable passions and a base mind. To be clear, and without denying Pauls disapproval of them, homoerotic acts are not in Rom 1 described as sin, but as error. Paul further argues that not only are homoerotic activities themselves justified punishment for not acknowledging God, but also that those engaged in homoerotic activities have already borne the further consequences of their homoerotic acts in themselves (1:27). From this discussion, it follows that it cannot be claimed on the basis of Rom 1 that Paul constructed either an aetiology of sin or evil, or a theology of homosexuality, but that his position on homoeroticisms involvement in human disloyalty towards God rather should be understood within its proper first-century socio-cultural context. I think that homosexuality is not a choice as when you feel a desire, you cannot control it. It is not a choice. When a person is not given a choice, they act how they feel, which should be accepted in all countries and communities. As mentioned by Paul, the unnatural desire is gods way of punishing the Gentiles for not believing the true god. The desire is the will of god. The homosexual being involved in homosexual act makes them a sinner but also, a homosexual person being involved in heterosexual act to fit in the society or any other motive would result in the person not accepting their naural self and make them a sinner. The text is confusing as homosexuals are portrayed as sinner even whey they do as they desire or not. It is a lose-lose situation. I think Paul isnt necessarily against homosexuality as during the first century, man lying with a man, and a woman with a woman was common. For, Paul to come to a place and see a common thing and lable it as a sin sounds doubtful, b ut the main reason could be as Paul believed that men were superior to that of women, so when a guy acts a little feminine due to his homosexuality, Paul doesnt like it as he sees it as ripping off of the title and prestige of a man. Another confusing thing I came to was that, some interpretation view that Paul was against Lust than homosexuality. As mentioned above, by Brownsn whenever same-sex eroticism IS viewed negatively, particularly in sources contemporaneous with Paul, it is regarded as a particular manifestation of self-centered lust, one that is not content with women alone but is driven to ever-more exotic and unnatural forms of stimulation in the pursuit of pleasure. It represents the pinnacle of wanton self-indulgence at the expense of others. , but if lying with a man and a woman is sign of lust and not a man lying with a man or woman with woman, it goes to show lust is considered a sin rather than homosexuality, which could be very controversial and attacking towards the bisexual community- people whose sexuality preference is both male and female. If homosexual act is can be justifies as natural due to desire, bisexuality should be done so too. I as a modern reader also feel that, Paul portrays the Roman society then was a patriarchal society and misogynistic society, men being as submissive as women or submissive to women is a sin, which in todays day and age could not be looked as right. Like mentioned by Davies, A precarious position emerges when formulating Christian sexuality or sexual ethics based on what is claimed fo be a literalist reading of Rom 1, which would require a chauvinist approach to human sexuality, complete with sanctione d male prerogative and regulated female submission (cf. Davies 1995, 315-332), but as female submission and looking down upon female isnt acceptable in todays age, the thing that was considered sin is accepted in society. If homosexuality was considered sin due to male taking a passive role, like a woman the way it was looked back then and now should be different, even if homosexuality was considered a sin back at the time, the new society should be able to bend that rule rather than stick to it, as in modern era, equality is the mantra and if un misogynistic belief isnt considered a sin, homosexuality shouldnt be considered a sin either. . A precarious position emerges when formulating Christian sexuality or sexual ethics based on what is claimed fo be a literalist reading of Rom 1, which would require a chauvinist approach to human sexuality, complete with sanctioned male prerogative and regulated female submission (cf. Davies 1995, 315-332). If Paul knew what we know now, about s exuality and human desire, and about the equality between genders, the writing and the interpretation of the sin would be different. To conclude, the letter to the Romans 1: 18-27 talks about paganism being a sin as it is a way of life, that worships materials and idols rather than true god. It portrays how going against the will of god, and believe in pagan gods is not fulfilling the words of god and is being unnatural, so it is considered a sin. It also associates, Paganism with same sex relationshipsas, desire of same sex is gods way pf punishing the gentiles and making them feel un natural feeling. It also goes to say that homosexual desire is result of sin-pagan worship but also fulfilling the desire and participating in the same sex intercourse would be a sin. Paul believes that me are higher than women. When a man, acts passive or feminine during intercourse he strips the pride of a man away from him, which in Pauls eye is a big sin and qualifies as going against the will of god, which is the main reason why homosexuality is condemned by Paul I the letter to the romans. Works Cited Brooten, Bernadette J, and James A Brundage. Love between Women: Early Christian Responses to Female Homoeroticism. Journal of Family History, vol. 23, no. 1, 1998, p. 100 Brownson, James V. Bible, Gender, Sexuality : Reframing the Churchs Debate on Same-Sex Relationships. W.B. Eerdmans Pub, 2013. Accessed Apr. 2018. Davies, M. 1995. Hew Testament Ethics and Ours: Homosexuality and Sexuality in Romans 1:26-27. Bibint 3(3): 315-31. Greg Koukl, Paul, Romans, and Homosexuality (November, 01, 2003) https://www.str.org/publications/paul-romans-and-homosexuality#_ftnref6 Joseph Nicolosi and Linda Ames Nicolosi, A Parents guide to Preventing Homosexuality (Downers Grove: Intervarsity Press, 2002),54 Punt, J. Sin As Sex or Sex As Sin? : Rom 1:18-32 As First Century Ce Theological. Neotestamentica, vol. 42, no. 1, 2008, pp. 73â€Å"92 https://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?vid=1sid=85656388-3c6b-442f-a7ed-e12487f010c7%40sdc-v-sessmgr03bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=ATLA0001685236db=rfh Merriam-Webster Dictionary, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paganism, Accessed date December,4,2018 Preston Sprinkler, Homosexuality in Ancient rome why it matters,(September 23, 2013) https://archives.eternitybiblecollege.com/2013/09/23/homosexuality-in-ancient-rome-and-why-it-matters/ Accessed date December,4,2018 Preston Sprinkler, Paul and Homosexual behavior: A critical evaluation of the excessive- Lust interpretations of the Romans,(January 1, 2015,pg.500) https://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=1sid=bbfcd85c-6fdc-4973-8361-d62a8ceac157%40sessionmgr120 Romans 1: 18-27 https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans+1%3A18-27version=NIV