The Fluid Mosaic Model Of Membrane Structure

The Fluid Mosaic Model Of Membrane Structure The fluid mosaic model of membrane structure is a cell membrane that behaves like a two- dimensional liquid of mixed composition. The cell membrane is described to be fluid because of its hydrophobic components that are integrated into the membrane structure such as lipids and membrane proteins that move sideways throughout the membrane. That means the membrane more like a fluid. The membrane is referred to as mosaic because like a mosaic that is made up of many different parts the cell membrane has a mixed composition of lipids and proteins. The cell membrane gets it fluidity because the phospholipids in a typical cell membrane are not bonded to one another. Each phospholipid molecule has a head that is attracted to water that is pointing toward the outside of the cell membrane, making it hydrophilic, and a tail that repels water forming the inside of the bilayer, making it non-polar hydrophobic, but this is, on an individual basis, relatively weak. Proteins and substances such as c holesterol become embedded in the bilayer, but the plasma membrane has the consistency of vegetable oil at body temperature, so the proteins and other substances are able to move across it. The molecules that are embedded in the cell membrane also serve a purpose. For example, the cholesterol that gets stuck in there makes the membrane more stable and prevents it from solidifying when your body temperature is low. Carbohydrate chains attach to the outer surface of the cell membrane and form glycoproteins and glycolipids. These carbohydrates are specific to every person, and they supply characteristics such as your blood type. Functions of Following: Ribosomes: Ribosomes are found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Ribosomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes are both protein synthesizers and contain ribonucleic acid but they differ in their composition. This is why some antibiotics can take advantage of this difference to kill prokaryotes (bacteria) while not harming eukaryotes (ourselves). Prokaryotes are single-celled and they have no nucleus. In prokaryotes the ribosomes are free floating in cytoplasm because they have no nucleus. Cytoplasm is a gel-like substance that is inside the cell membrane. It holds all the organelles of a cell. These floating ribosomes are the protein synthesizers and contain ribonucleic acid (RNA). Eukaryotes are organisms that consist of one or more cells and normally have a nucleus. The nucleus is the organelle in which chromosomes are stored and protected from the activities that occur in the cells cytoplasm. In eukaryotes the ribosomes are contained within the nucleus. Ribosomes are attached to the outer surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and free in the cytoplasm. Ribosomes make polypeptides that thread into the interior of the ER as they are assembled. The synthesis of RNA and protein is the main function of ribosomes. The RNA and proteins exit the nucleus by nuclear pores that are in the nuclear envelope. The nuclear envelope is made up of two membranes. These membranes have holes that are called the nuclear pores. This is how the proteins and RNA exit the nucleus and move on to the rest of the cell or are dispersed outside the cell. Endoplasmic Reticulum: The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is part of the endomembrane system, which is an extension of the nuclear envelope. There are two parts that make up the ER, the smooth ER and the rough ER. These two parts of ER are continuous with each other. The rough ER has thousands of ribosomes that are attached to it. This makes the ER appear bumpy under an electron microscope giving it its name. It is a network of flattened sacs and tubes or channels in the cytoplasm formed by highly folded membranes. The rough ER is a continuation of the protein synthesis for those proteins that are to be transported from the cell. The newly synthesized proteins are transported to the lumen, inside of the ER, where they can begin to be modified into their complex shape. The proteins are then transported through the lumen of the rough ER to the smooth ER where further processing of the protein may occur. The smooth ER has no ribosomes to give it the bumpy appearance so it is referred to as smooth. Since there are no ribosomes, it does not make protein. Although, some of the polypeptides made in the rough ER end up as enzymes in the smooth ER. It is more tubular than rough ER and has a separate network of functions. Its main function is to make lipids, enzymes, and other proteins destined for secretion, or for insertion into cell membranes. It also plays a large part in detoxifying and recycling wastes, as well as other specialized functions. Golgi Apparatus: The Golgi apparatus consists of a series of flattened sacs with vesicles pinching off from the edges This organelle has a folded membrane that typically looks like a stack of pancakes. It receives many of the vesicles produced by the smooth ER. Vesicles are small organelles formed by a pocket of membrane pinching off from the ER to the Golgi apparatus and from the other end of Golgi apparatus. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins made by the ER before sending them out to the cell. Proteins enter the Golgi on the side by the ER and exit on the opposite side that faces the plasma membrane of the cell. Proteins are further processed along the way and become modified and packaged for transport to various locations within the cell. Some proteins will be packaged in vesicles for secretion from the cell while other proteins will be packaged to produce other organelles such as lysosomes that are used for cellular digestion. The finished products are transported by the vesicles that carry t hem to lysosomes or to the plasma membrane. Lysosomes: Lysosomes are membranous sacs of enzymes that bud from the Golgi. Lysosomes have various roles. Lysosomes serve as vessels for waste disposal. They contain powerful enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids in cellular digestion. They also serve as vessels for recycling the cells organic material. Enzymes inside them break large molecules into smaller subunits that the cell can use as building material or eliminate. In humans, a variety of inherited conditions can affect lysosomes. These defects are called storage diseases and include Pompes disease and Tay-Sachs disease. People with these disorders are missing one or more of the lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes. Abnormal storage causes inefficient functioning and damage of the bodys cells, which can lead to serious health problems, including death. Using the Data Analysis Exercise at the top of page 75 in the textbook, answer the following questions: Abnormal Motor Proteins Cause Kartagener Syndrome An abnormal form of the motor protein dynein causes Kartagener syndrome, a genetic disorder characterized by chronic sinus and lung infections. Biofilms form in the thick mucus that collects in the airways, and the resulting bacterial activities and inflammation damage tissues. Affected men can produce sperm but are infertile Some have become fathers after a doctor injects their sperm cells directly into eggs. Review Figure 4.25, then explain how abnormal dynein could cause the observed effects. Observe how the abnormal protein dynein alters flagella. Why would this abnormal protein cause a build up of mucus in ones airways? Kartagener syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by a mutated form of a protein dynein. People that are affected by this disease have chronically irritated sinuses, and mucus build up in the airways to their lungs. Bacteria also forms in the thick mucus. The disease typically progresses to overt bronchiectasis during late childhood or early adulthood and can ultimately causes chronic respiratory failure. This disease is affected by the cilia and flagella which are appendages extending from the body of most eukaryotic cells. Motile cilia line the upper and lower airways of the lung. Motile cilia are rod-like organelles that extend from the airway cell surface and move the mucus by synchronized beating. There are about 200 motile cilia in the respiratory tract of a healthy individual. They are responsible for movement of the cell itself or the generation of fluid flow, such as mucus. Beating coordinately, these cilia function to remove mucus and debris from the airway in a process call ed mucocilliary clearance. When the cilia malfunction, there is buildup of mucus and debris in the tract, which leads to respiratory difficulties. Immotile or respiratory cilia cause defective Mucociliary Clearance, because of the lack of uniform ciliary movement to transport particles, or mucus in or out of the organs or cells. Why would this cause infertility unless the sperm were artificially injected into egg cells? Males that are affected by Kartegener syndrome can produce sperm, but they are infertile. Sperm count is typically normal, but sperm are immotile due to the absence of dynein flagella or motility is severely limited due to a shortening of the flagella. Some can still become fathers with the help of a procedure that injects sperm cells directly into eggs.

Trial balance

What is a Trial Balance? State its objectives and characteristics. Give some reasons for disagreement of the Trial Balance. A ‘Trial Balance' is a list of all the General ledger accounts (both revenue and capital) contained in the ledger of a business. This list will contain the name of the nominal ledger account and the value of that nominal ledger account. The value of the nominal ledger will hold either a debit balance value or a credit balance value.The debit balance values will be listed in the debit column of the trial balance and the redit value balance will be listed in the credit column. The profit and loss statement and balance sheet and other financial reports can then be produced using the ledger accounts listed on the trial balance. The following are the important objectives of trial balance: 1. To Check The Arithmetical Accuracy Trial balance is based on the double-entry principle of debit equals credit or credit equals debit. As a result, the debit and credit col umns of trial balance must always be equal.If they do, it is assumed that the recordings of financial transactions are ccurate. Conversely, if they do not, it is assumed that they are not arithmetically accurate. Therefore, one important purpose of preparing trial balance is to provide a check on the arithmetical accuracy of the recordings of the financial transactions. 2. To Help Locate Accounting Errors Since the trial balance indicates if there is any error committed in the Journal and the ledger, it helps the accountant to locate the error because the starting point of locating errors is trial balance itself. 3.To Summarize the Financial Transactions A business performs several numbers of financial transactions during a certain period of time. The transactions themselves cannot portray any picture of the financial affairs of the business. For that purpose, a summary of the transactions has to be drawn. The trial balance is prepared with a view to summarize all the financial tran sactions of the business. 4. To Provide the Basis for Preparing Final Accounts Final accounts are prepared to show profit and loss and the financial position of the business at the end of an accounting period.These accounts are prepared by using the debit and credit of all ledger accounts. Therefore, since the trial balance is a statement of the debit and credit balances of the ledger accounts, it provides the basis for the preparation of the final accounts. Characteristics of Trial Balance 1. It is a list of balances of all Ledger accounts and Cash Book 2. It is not a part of the double entry system of book-keeping. It is only a working paper. 3. It can be prepared on any date 4. It verifies the arithmetical accuracy of posting of entries from the Journal to the Ledger. 5.

The Effects Of Propaganda On Women s Rights - 1679 Words

On 5 September 1995, Hillary Clinton, former first Lady of the United States, was invited by the Women Health Security Colloquium, which was sponsored by the World Health Organization, to attend the Fourth U.N. World Conference on Women in Beijing, China. As the Honorary Chairperson of the United States delegation to the conference, she gave the speech, Women s Rights Are Human Rights in the first few days during a special Plenary Session. In the speech, she utilized several persuasive techniques, also known as propaganda, grasping people s attention in order to achieve support for the claim of the women s rights she was devoted to. Propaganda is usually a speech device that people intently use to induce or intensify others †¦show more content†¦She is telling her audience that we should listen to her points because she is one of us, and thus has similar goals and interests to us. We are effectively led to believe that we should trust her so that we can overcome our shared struggles to achieve those shared goals and that shared future. Through plain-folks appeal, she turns her audience into trusting comrades-in-arms. She then employs the bandwagon technique in a similar manner. When she says, That is why every woman, every man, every child, every family, and every nation on our planet has a stake in the discussion that takes place here, she is again promoting that idea of oneness, which is the sharing of both struggles and goals. In the bandwagon technique, however, the goal is to pressure people to believe what everyone else believes and to conform, thus being faithful to the conference. There is a call to action. Clinton is telling the audience to jump on the bandwagon, because if one of them does not, that is the equivalent of turning away from your fellows. In the speech, she further strengthens the credibility of her argument by appealing to other emotions, such as pity and fear. Appealing to pity is achieved by attempting to win the audience s sympathy by giving examples of rightfully pitiable situations, in order to convince us of the conclusion or solution she will propose. One sees this technique inShow MoreRelatedThe Cold War Between The United States Of America And The Soviet Union1501 Words   |  7 Pagespieces of propaganda and articles written during the time had largely impacted American popular opinion and had powerful effects on the culture among young men and women of the 1940’s and 1950’s. â€Å"The Red Iceberg† comic book cover, published and presented during the Cold War era, was one use of media that perpetuated the negative effects of Soviet Union political influence while promoting the righteousness of the United States. 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Gods Wrath Against Sinful Humanity - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2906 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/08/07 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Homosexuality Essay Did you like this example? The wrath of God is being revealed from heaven against all the godlessness and wickedness of people, who suppress the truth by their wickedness, 19 since what may be known about God is plain to them, because God has made it plain to them. 20 For since the creation of the world Gods invisible qualities his eternal power and divine nature have been clearly seen, being understood from what has been made, so that people are without excuse. For although they knew God, they neither glorified him as God nor gave thanks to him, but their thinking became futile and their foolish hearts were darkened. 22 Although they claimed to be wise, they became fools 23 and exchanged the glory of the immortal God for images made to look like a mortal human being and birds and animals and reptiles. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Gods Wrath Against Sinful Humanity" essay for you Create order Therefore God gave them over in the sinful desires of their hearts to sexual impurity for the degrading of their bodies with one another.25 They exchanged the truth about God for a lie, and worshiped and served created things rather than the Creator†who is forever praised.Amen. 26 Because of this, God gave them over to shameful lusts. Even their women exchanged natural sexual relations for unnatural ones. 27 In the same way the men also abandoned natural relations with women and were inflamed with lust for one another. Men committed shameful acts with other men, and received in themselves the due penalty for their error. Homosexuality and the New Testament Homosexuality can be defined as an attraction between any two people of same gender. In the newtestament, homosexuality is discussed in the book of Romans, which biblical scholars agree to have been composed by apostle Paul. The text for homosexuality is found in Romans 1 18:32 and is discussed along with paganism. According to Merriam-Webster dictionary, Pagan is a person who has little or no religion and who delights in sensual pleasures and material good. Homosexuality and paganism has been taken side by side and portrayed as unnatural act by Paul in the Letters to the Romans. In the recent years, homosexuality has been in topic of discussion and whether or not homosexuality is considered wrong or sin by the new testament has been a controversy. In this essay, depth on the text regarding the background, interpretations along with the details on the questions such as: What was Paul thinking? What was happening during that time in the Roman empire? Why dies Paul condemn homosexualit y? Why does he associate same sex relationship with pagan worship will be discussed in the essay. During the first century, around 57-58 A.D, Rome was ruled by Nero. At that time, Rome was at peak of power and controlled all the land around the Mediterranean sea. It was also the trade center of the world. It was an influenticial city with people all around the world for trade and to generate income. The economic status of Rome was very good at that time. There were emperors, merchants and people of high class who enjoyed the Roman life a lot more compared to the people of lower economic status and slaves. The social class of Rome consisted of: Patricians: They were the rulers. They were rich and had access to all the entertainment and luxury available at Rome during that time. The makers of the law. They were the business men. Government officials and people of power. Plebians: They were the common citizens. They had a decent lifestyle with enough income to support the family. They were small business men and ordinary people. Slaves: The slaves were the lowerclass people. They were not the citizens and were not given any rights or freedom. They worked for the patricians and the plebeians. They were mostly the soldiers captured during wars. As people from all over the world were found in Rome, the Religion in Rome was very diverse. Sexuality and gender was also a topic of acceptance. During that time, when Paul wrote Roman 1-18-27, homosexuality was not considered anything different than heterosexuality. The roman way of life was a lot different than today. According to Sprinkle (2013) in his article, Homosexuality in Ancient Rome and why it matters he states that, First century Romans didnt think in terms of sexuality but in terms of gender. There was a bit of cross over when it came to which gender you had sexual relationship with; what mattered most was whether you played the active or passive role in the intercourse. Same sex intercourse were not a taboo and men having intercourse with other men or slaves was not considered out of the ordinary. In the Romans 1: 18-37, Paul focuses on the actions that are unnatural or that is against god. The text can be interpreted in many ways. Paul associates homosexuality and paganism side to side as unnatural acts; acts that puts you away from god. According to koukl (2003), This text is a crystal clear condemnation of homosexuality by the Apostle Paul in the middle of his most brilliant discourse on general revelation. Paul is not speaking to a localized aberration of pedophilia or temple prostitution thats part of life in the capital of Greco-Roman culture. He is talking about a universal condition of man.Regarding the same-sex behavior itself, here are the specific words Paul uses: a lust of the heart, an impurity that is dishonoring to the body (v. 24); an indecent act and an error (v. 27); a degrading passion thats unnatural (v. 29); not proper and the product of a depraved mind (v. 28).Theres only one way the clear sense of this passage can be missed: if someone is in total revolt against God, which is precisely Pauls point. According to the apostle, homosexual behavior is evidence of active, persistent rebellion against ones Creator. Verse 32 shows its rooted in direct, willful, aggressive sedition against God†true of all so-called Christians who are defending their own homosexuality. Gods response is explicit: They are without excuse (v. 20). Here it is interpreted how Paul says that homosexuality is a sin as it is not normal but to the homosexual people it is not a choice but how they are. When a homosexual person reject his natural tendencies and puts himself through a heterosexual intercourse, it can be considered un natural. The text is not clear about how Paul refers to it being unnatural. As quoted in Joseph Nicolosi Linda Ames Nicolosi, Homosexuality is not biologically determined. Neither is it chosen by homosexuals, strictly speaking (i.e., the desire is not chosen, though the behavior is). Instead, it seems that developmental factors during formative stages of a persons life account for the idiosyncrasies of ones sexual tastes. It can be argued that when a person feels a desire towards same sex, it is not a choice. So, when a person feels it, it is because of gods will for the person to feel so, turning away from gods will would be a sin. Pauls condemnation to violate their sexual orientation for a homosexual to act heterosexually, would be going against gods design. Another reason why Paul is against homosexuality, not considering gods design could be because as (brooten, love between women, 216, 302, 303). puts it, paul condemns sexual relations between women as ?unnatural because he shares the widely held cultural view that women are passive by nature and ther efore should remain passive in sexual relations . This adds to show that Paul wasnt against erotic same sex act but men acting passive during intercourse, which gives a point about misogyny but nothing about homosexuality being a sin. Gay sex shows to take away masculine power from a man, which affects Paul. Another way this can be viewed is as interpreted by Brownson, who concluded that, whenever same-sex eroticism IS viewed negatively, particularly in sources contemporaneous with Paul, it is regarded as a particular manifestation of self-centered lust, one that is not content with women alone but is driven to ever-more exotic and unnatural forms of stimulation in the pursuit of pleasure. It represents the pinnacle of wanton self-indulgence at the expense of others. which adds a new light to the topic about how Paul could have viewed homosexuality as pervertd in nature as he thinks it is due to lust, a man cannot fulfill his satisfaction with just a woman and so goes on to a man. Sprinkler (January2015, 500) adds to the argument that, This argument captures an important perspective in Pauls world; no one can deny with any historical credibility that homosexual behavior was often believed to result from excessive lust and uncontrollable sexual desire. They are wrong, however, in leaving out other alternative perspectives that do not fit foe excessive-lust model. This may be that maybe Paul condemns lust, and perverted nature of men, rather than the homosexual act in itself, as man lying with a man, could be a desire. Another part of the coin is that homosexuality can be considered unnatural the genitilia of a man is matched to that of a woman. Koukl ( June 2002) claims that, As to what is natural for homosexuals, the testimony of nature is clear: Homosexuals have male sex organs designed by nature to fit the sex organs of females, not other males. If homosexuals have desires for men rather than women, its clear that, however they developed those desires, it is contrary to their natural, physical provision. From this we can take to the argument that even though the same sex desire may itself not be unnatural, the course of action, the intercourse in itself, which is a choice can be looked as un natural, when looked through the eyes of Paul. Even to this day, the fact that one person is not born gay, and so it cannot be stated as an natural thing stands. According to Paul,when pagans moved away from the true god, worshipping materials and idols, god punished them, the Gentiles, by giving them homosexual desire. The desire they cannot control over but this desire is also a sin. And the action taken to fulfill the desire leads the pagans away from god and makes them more sinner. From SIN AS SEX OR SEX AS SIN? ROM 1:18-32 AS FIRST CENTURY THEOLOGICAL ARGUMENT by James punt, we find out that, As mentioned above, homoerotic acts are described as the consequences of the Gentiles error for not acknowledging God: God has given them over to impurity, dishonorable passions and a base mind. To be clear, and without denying Pauls disapproval of them, homoerotic acts are not in Rom 1 described as sin, but as error. Paul further argues that not only are homoerotic activities themselves justified punishment for not acknowledging God, but also that those engaged in homoerotic activities have already borne the further consequences of their homoerotic acts in themselves (1:27). From this discussion, it follows that it cannot be claimed on the basis of Rom 1 that Paul constructed either an aetiology of sin or evil, or a theology of homosexuality, but that his position on homoeroticisms involvement in human disloyalty towards God rather should be understood within its proper first-century socio-cultural context. I think that homosexuality is not a choice as when you feel a desire, you cannot control it. It is not a choice. When a person is not given a choice, they act how they feel, which should be accepted in all countries and communities. As mentioned by Paul, the unnatural desire is gods way of punishing the Gentiles for not believing the true god. The desire is the will of god. The homosexual being involved in homosexual act makes them a sinner but also, a homosexual person being involved in heterosexual act to fit in the society or any other motive would result in the person not accepting their naural self and make them a sinner. The text is confusing as homosexuals are portrayed as sinner even whey they do as they desire or not. It is a lose-lose situation. I think Paul isnt necessarily against homosexuality as during the first century, man lying with a man, and a woman with a woman was common. For, Paul to come to a place and see a common thing and lable it as a sin sounds doubtful, b ut the main reason could be as Paul believed that men were superior to that of women, so when a guy acts a little feminine due to his homosexuality, Paul doesnt like it as he sees it as ripping off of the title and prestige of a man. Another confusing thing I came to was that, some interpretation view that Paul was against Lust than homosexuality. As mentioned above, by Brownsn whenever same-sex eroticism IS viewed negatively, particularly in sources contemporaneous with Paul, it is regarded as a particular manifestation of self-centered lust, one that is not content with women alone but is driven to ever-more exotic and unnatural forms of stimulation in the pursuit of pleasure. It represents the pinnacle of wanton self-indulgence at the expense of others. , but if lying with a man and a woman is sign of lust and not a man lying with a man or woman with woman, it goes to show lust is considered a sin rather than homosexuality, which could be very controversial and attacking towards the bisexual community- people whose sexuality preference is both male and female. If homosexual act is can be justifies as natural due to desire, bisexuality should be done so too. I as a modern reader also feel that, Paul portrays the Roman society then was a patriarchal society and misogynistic society, men being as submissive as women or submissive to women is a sin, which in todays day and age could not be looked as right. Like mentioned by Davies, A precarious position emerges when formulating Christian sexuality or sexual ethics based on what is claimed fo be a literalist reading of Rom 1, which would require a chauvinist approach to human sexuality, complete with sanctione d male prerogative and regulated female submission (cf. Davies 1995, 315-332), but as female submission and looking down upon female isnt acceptable in todays age, the thing that was considered sin is accepted in society. If homosexuality was considered sin due to male taking a passive role, like a woman the way it was looked back then and now should be different, even if homosexuality was considered a sin back at the time, the new society should be able to bend that rule rather than stick to it, as in modern era, equality is the mantra and if un misogynistic belief isnt considered a sin, homosexuality shouldnt be considered a sin either. . A precarious position emerges when formulating Christian sexuality or sexual ethics based on what is claimed fo be a literalist reading of Rom 1, which would require a chauvinist approach to human sexuality, complete with sanctioned male prerogative and regulated female submission (cf. Davies 1995, 315-332). If Paul knew what we know now, about s exuality and human desire, and about the equality between genders, the writing and the interpretation of the sin would be different. To conclude, the letter to the Romans 1: 18-27 talks about paganism being a sin as it is a way of life, that worships materials and idols rather than true god. It portrays how going against the will of god, and believe in pagan gods is not fulfilling the words of god and is being unnatural, so it is considered a sin. It also associates, Paganism with same sex relationshipsas, desire of same sex is gods way pf punishing the gentiles and making them feel un natural feeling. It also goes to say that homosexual desire is result of sin-pagan worship but also fulfilling the desire and participating in the same sex intercourse would be a sin. Paul believes that me are higher than women. When a man, acts passive or feminine during intercourse he strips the pride of a man away from him, which in Pauls eye is a big sin and qualifies as going against the will of god, which is the main reason why homosexuality is condemned by Paul I the letter to the romans. Works Cited Brooten, Bernadette J, and James A Brundage. Love between Women: Early Christian Responses to Female Homoeroticism. Journal of Family History, vol. 23, no. 1, 1998, p. 100 Brownson, James V. Bible, Gender, Sexuality : Reframing the Churchs Debate on Same-Sex Relationships. W.B. Eerdmans Pub, 2013. Accessed Apr. 2018. Davies, M. 1995. Hew Testament Ethics and Ours: Homosexuality and Sexuality in Romans 1:26-27. Bibint 3(3): 315-31. Greg Koukl, Paul, Romans, and Homosexuality (November, 01, 2003) https://www.str.org/publications/paul-romans-and-homosexuality#_ftnref6 Joseph Nicolosi and Linda Ames Nicolosi, A Parents guide to Preventing Homosexuality (Downers Grove: Intervarsity Press, 2002),54 Punt, J. Sin As Sex or Sex As Sin? : Rom 1:18-32 As First Century Ce Theological. Neotestamentica, vol. 42, no. 1, 2008, pp. 73â€Å"92 https://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?vid=1sid=85656388-3c6b-442f-a7ed-e12487f010c7%40sdc-v-sessmgr03bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=ATLA0001685236db=rfh Merriam-Webster Dictionary, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paganism, Accessed date December,4,2018 Preston Sprinkler, Homosexuality in Ancient rome why it matters,(September 23, 2013) https://archives.eternitybiblecollege.com/2013/09/23/homosexuality-in-ancient-rome-and-why-it-matters/ Accessed date December,4,2018 Preston Sprinkler, Paul and Homosexual behavior: A critical evaluation of the excessive- Lust interpretations of the Romans,(January 1, 2015,pg.500) https://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=1sid=bbfcd85c-6fdc-4973-8361-d62a8ceac157%40sessionmgr120 Romans 1: 18-27 https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans+1%3A18-27version=NIV

The Physics of Firearms - 1626 Words

Firearms are often featured on the news due to poor use as well as featured in popular culture’s television crime dramas, but have you stopped to ponder about where these devices came from, the different types, the trajectory patterns that are created their bullets and how they work? The following paragraphs are designed to address all of the following questions. A firearm is a complex arrangement of various metals that can eject a small lead piece at high speeds, causing maximum destruction on the target with minimum energy delivery on the shooter themselves. (Definition of a Gun, n.d.) The mechanics of shooting any type of firearm; weather it be a rifle, shotgun, or pistol, includes a wide variety of physics topics working together to make the bullet hit its target including friction, force, conservation of momentum, transfer of energy, heat engines, and projectile motion. (The Physics of Shooting a Gun, n.d.) History Of Firearms The history of firearms begins in China in the ninth century where, huo yao, the world’s first gun powder was discovered; it was created by mixing charcoal, potassium nitrate and sulphur into a fine powder. Historians are prone to recognizing tenth century Chinese fire lances, a spear-like weapon combining a bamboo tube containing huo yao and projectiles tied to a Chinese spear as the first firearm. In the year 1320, Gun powder was developed into a specific formula, 15% charcoal, 75% potassium nitrate and 10% sulphur. It was developed for theShow MoreRelated Physics of Firearms Essay620 Words   |  3 Pagesactivity and it is enjoyed by many people, so much so that it is also done at a competitive level. Although many people may have shot a firearm of some sort, few of those people actually realize how much physics is involved with the shot. So what exactly is Ballistics? 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Impact of Social Networking Sites on the Youth of India Free Essays

string(33) " see their personal information\." IMPACT OF SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES(SNS) ON THE YOUTH OF INDIA : A BIRD’S EYE VIEW. Ruchi Sachdev College of Management Studies Kanpur (UP) India Abstract-This paper is focused to find out the answer whether the social networking sites are boon or bane for today’s society. No doubt these SNS provides employment ,marketing ,personal growth ,sharing of information but the most prevalent danger through often involves online predators or individuals. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Social Networking Sites on the Youth of India or any similar topic only for you Order Now These SNS has great impact on youth of India. One can easily see the entry gate of these social networking sites but it is unable to find exit for these SNS. One side these sites provide to communicate with our dear ones on the other side it creates platform for many cyber crimes. Everyone should be understood that The SNS is a â€Å"child of† computing â€Å"by computing† but† for the society â€Å". So we focused on the fact that how SNS are implementing and used in an effective manner that is also beneficial for Indian society and what are the role of Indian youth . In this paper we focused on the positive as well as negative impact of these social networking sites on the Indian youth and what are the ethical responsibilities of the users of these sites. Keywords-IEEE standards ,internet,WI-FI, elecommunication, , online ownership, online credibility. SNS(Social networking sites) are connected, both in their leisure time, and at work. There are various factors which have prompted us to consider the implications of these technologies for policy-making. One of these is the willingness of users to embrace SNS as a means of communication and social networking in everyday life. The increasing dependence on technology for basic communication also highlights the importance of analyzing how SNS are affecting daily processes. Sites like Face book, Friend ster and LinkedIn are influencing the way users establish, maintain and cultivate a range of social relationships, from close friendships to casual acquaintances. II CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES The basic characteristics of social networking sites can be explained with the help of following table-1 FEATURES Presentation of oneself DESCRIPTION The basic level of entry in most SNS is the setting up of a ‘profile’: a personalized page developed by the user in which he/she presents him/herself to peers, through text, photos music and videos amongst others Functionalities. SNS allow users to mobilize and organize their social contacts and profiles in the way they want other members to see them. I INTRODUCTTON Social networking phenomenon has emerged over the past ten years. In that time, social networking sites (SNS) have grown from a niche to a mass online activity, in which tens of millions of internet users are engaged, both in their leisure time, and at work. However, there has been very little research on the socio-economic impact of these sites in the Indian context. In this paper we focused on the impact of these social networking sites on the youth of India in both positive as well as negative phase. Social networking is a phenomenon which has existed since society began. Human beings have always sought to live in social environments. The proliferation of social networking sites (SNS) and their pervasion in everyday practices is affecting how modern Indian youth societies manage their social networks. To a significant extent, SNS have shifted social networking to the Internet. In less than five years, these sites have grown from a niche online activity into a phenomenon through which tens of millions of internet users Externalization of data The externalization of networks is possibly one of the first times online users have been able to view their own online social networks, and share them with friends and the general public. Some SNS also support applications which allow users to describe the relation between themselves and other members. Though notions of virtual communities have existed since the beginning of online applications, SNS support new ways for people to connect between themselves. Users of these sites may choose to communicate through various digital objects, such as tags and in-built applications within the SNS, such as the ‘visual shelf’ application in Facebook. Users may join a community of book readers, connecting through books they have liked [4]. New ways for community formation Bottom-up activities SNS provide the ideal platforms through which users with similar values and interests can come together to collaborate effectively and cheaply. For instance, doctors can share and double check rare medical cases on health SNS such as Within3, or activists can organize a protest through sites like Care2 [5]. A major attribute of SNS’ popularity is their simplicity. Anyone with basic internet skills can create and manage an online SNS presence. Prior to SNS, users gained an online presence by having a personal homepage [6]. The drawbacks were that these homepages are not easy to create and development and hosting of the site often incur costs. In contrast, SNS are free of charge and open for anyone to join. Most of them require registration, while others limit membership through an invitation from members who are already members of the site. SNS support new points of entry to the internet: people’s personal worlds. Until recently, people spoke of the internet in metaphors of places (cities, addresses, and homepages). Ease of use Figure 1: Graph 1[2] (a) Negative Impact of SNS on Youth of India Reorganization of Internet geography Table 1[5]: Taking all these characteristics together, we can observe significant changes in how users network and operate their social contacts according to different social environments. In particular, SNS seem to be influencing and shaping the way we communicate between ourselves and how we manage our social contacts. In considering the disadvantages, respondents identified a number of negative aspects of online social networking including: (i) the time-consuming nature of online social networking sites, Indian youth admitting that they waste a lot of time on these sites. (ii) Concern about access to personal information by others, with almost half of the youth worried that â€Å"non friends? may see their personal information. You read "Impact of Social Networking Sites on the Youth of India" in category "Papers" (iii) Concern that information posted may be used against them. The waste timing percentage of Indian youth on SNS can be explained with the graph shown it figure 2. III SOCIAL IMPACT OF SNS ON INDIAN YOUTH There has been significant interest and concern about the risks of online social networking because of access to personal information and the anonymity that the system allows. A number of public cases of bullying and identity theft have put this issue in the public arena. In the survey participants were asked whether they have ever had a bad social networking experience. A considerable number of respondents in a survey (28%) reported having had a negative online experience with adults aged below 30 the most likely to export this (60%). These participants were asked to provide further information about the negative experience. For most respondents the experience reflected unwanted contact or people posting in appropriate or upsetting information online. Some respondents specified having online bullying and provided examples such as abusive messages and harassment from someone of the opposite sex. The number of users using SNS according to age group can be explained with the help of the graph shown it figure 1. Figure 2: Graph 2[3] b) Other Negative Impacts Of Sns The negative effects of a new technology are never fully visible in the initial stages due the hype and excitement involved. However with time we observe the more time we spend online the more connected we get hence the urge to not miss out on anything this induces an invisible layer of stress and pressure on the individuals. The very fabric of our societies is now beginning to take a new shape. scientist has warned. Sites such as Face book, Twitter and Beb o are said to shorten attention spans, encourage instant gratification and make young people more self-centered. i) My fear is that these technologies are infantilizing the brain into the state of small children who are attracted by buzzing noises and bright lights, which have a small attention Span and who live for the moment. (ii) A 2010 Case Western Reserve School of Medicine study showed hyper-networking (more than three hours on social networks per day) and hyper texting (more than 120 text messages per day) correlated with unhealthy behaviors in teens, including drinking, smoking and sexual activity. Hyper-networking was also associated with depression, substance abuse, poor sleep patterns, suicide and poor academic performance [4]. (iii) While the above studies show actual correlations between social networking and negative consequences, others argue that many other negative consequences may exist that have not yet been studied. Some of the harmful effects people suggest social networking has that have not yet yielded conclusive study results include: can also be positives. I guess there are no hard and fast rules when it comes to the effect social networks are having on us all in this day and age. It has never been easier to make friends than it is right now, mainly thanks to social networking sites. Just a few decades ago it was pretty tough to connect with people, unless you were the overly outgoing type able to make conversation with anyone at a party. The rise of mobile phones helped change this, connecting people in a new way, but then social networks sprang up and the whole idea of friendship changed once more and forever. It’s entirely possible to have hundreds of friends on Face book. They may not be friends you know on a personal level and spend time with in the real world on a weekly basis. But they’re friends nevertheless [7]. There are several people I consider friends who I have never met – indeed, I may never meet them – but that doesn’t lessen the connection we have thanks to social networks. Other major positive impacts are given as(d) Speedy Communication: Our time is being stretched thinner and thinner by work and family commitments, but social networking sites offer a chance to communicate in a speedy and efficient manner. Writing an update (i) Social networking websites are causing alarming changes in the brains of young users, an eminent (ii) Encouraging poor grammar, usage, and spelling Allowing the spread of misinformation that may be perceived as fact even in light of evidence to the contrary. †¢ Exposing children to online predators †¢ Creating a culture in which a single mistake such as a racy picture or poorly thought-out comment can cause irreparable harm to your reputation †¢ Decreasing productivity as workers habitually check social networking sites while they should be working. Providing information that increases the risk of identity theft. (c) Positive Impact of Social Networking Sites Social networking isn’t for everyone, but it’s now such a massive part of all our lives, whether we embrace or reject the notion, that it can no longer be ignored. But are social networking sites such as Face book, Twitter, and Google+ a force for good or evil? As with most ques tions there are multiple angles to approach this quandary from. Having already looked at the negative impact of social networking sites on society, I thought it only fair to redress the balance. Every ying has its yang, after all. Using the previous article as a loose template it’s clear to see that what some people would conceive as negatives for Twitter takes all of 20 seconds and with cross-posting over other social networks switched on, that update reaches everyone you want it to reach (and probably more besides) in an instant[5] . Social networking sites allow you to live a life unhindered by small talk. e) In Touch with the world: It isn’t just your inner circle of close friends and even closer family members that social networking sites allow you to communicate with easily and effectively, either. They open the world up to you, making it a smaller place than it has ever been before. So much so that I actually haven’t a clue where many of my contacts reside. When it comes to social networks everyone is equal, regardless of location. Family living abroad can be kept abreast of the latest happenings in your world as quickly as those living next door. Friends who you haven’t seen since school, and who have since moved away, are able to keep in touch. Location-based services such as Foursquare and Gowalla emphasize your location but social networking as a whole means it has become a lot less important. Social networking sites have made the world a smaller place. (f) Building Relationships: There is no doubting that social networking sites can lead to the breaking up of relationships. But there is another side to the tale, which is that people are moving onto other, perhaps better, relationships at the same time. Social networks can put you (back) in touch with those you have lots in common with, and that common ground is often the starting point for longlasting relationships. (f) Promises of Ownership and Authorship Online. (g) Maintain Credibility. So the youth of Indian can play an important role to reduce the negative impact of social networking sites sucha that it can be used in the beneficial way. V CONCLUSION IV ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITY OF YOUTH USING SNS The new digital social networking media are a frontier that is rich with opportunities and risks, particularly for young people. Through SNS technologies, young people are participating in a range of activities, including social networking, blogging, vlogging, gaming, instant messaging, downloading music and other content, uploading and sharing their own creations, and collaborating with others in various ways. Five key issues are at stake in the new social networking media identity, privacy, ownership and authorship, credibility, and participation [8]. These issues decide the social and ethical responsibilities of the youth that using the services of social networking sites. a) Every person that using the SNS should be aware about their rights and moral responsibilities. (b) We should respect the authentication and privacy of those members that are using SNS. (c ) We should follow the ethics of online identity. (d) Create culture of disclosure. (e) Online, a number of strategies—including privacy settings, selective disclosure, code switching, and deception are used by youth to control the presentation of their identities and thereby manage their privacy. Most social networking sites have privacy settings that allow users o limit access to their profiles to a narrow audience of confirmed friends, and evidence suggests that many young people use them. (e) The online culture of disclosure holds important promises for young people, including empowerment of themselves and others, the creation of communities of support around shared struggles, and the development of a broad ethical sense of responsibility with respect to privacy. No doubt that SNS has great impact on the Indian youth it has lot of challenges which we have to face . There are many questions arise when we think about the impact of these SNS that What does it mean to manage online privacy in an ethical manner? How do online spaces facilitate and undermine ethical thinking about privacy? How much personal information is reasonable to share online? Young people who share personal experiences online taking steps to protect their own and others’ identities, and are these steps sufficient? Is it reasonable for young people to expect a certain measure of privacy when it comes to their online lives? Who is at fault when an unintended audience can read a young person’s revealing blog or MySpace page? So we should focus on the ethical use of these SNS so that it serves our society in a right way and the youth can play an important role because SNS is a boob and curse both for the Indian society . In one hand it provides away to connect our dear ones on the other side it gives a platform that become danger for Indian heritage and culture. REFERENCES [1] Introduction to SNS technology, Retrieved on September 24, 2006 From www. wi-fitechnology. om [2] Consumer Reports (2010). Social insecurity: What millions of online users don’t know can hurt them. Retrieved from http://www. consumerreports. org/cro/magazinearchive/2010/june/elec tronics-computers/social-insecurity/overview/index. htm [3] Nie, N. H. Hillygus, D. S. (2002). The impact of internet use on sociability: Time-diary findings. IT Society, 1, 1 – 20. [4] IEEE 802. 16 and WiMAX: Social networking sites Access for Everyone, Intel Corporation, 2003. http://www. intel. com/ebusiness/pdf/SNS/intel/80216_wimax. df [5] The Role of Technology in Telecom Expansion in India†, IEEE Communication Magazine, Vol. 36, No. 11, pp 88-94, November, 1998. [6] Bender off, E. 2007. â€Å"Cheating a Real Problem in youth’s Virtual World. † Chicago Tribune. Retrieved February 1, 2008, from http://www. chicagotribun e. com/business/chi-0703080167mar08,0, 4256114story? cull=chi-bizfont-hed. [7] Of com. (2008). Social networking: A quantitative and qualitative research report into attitudes, behaviors and use. Retrieved from http://stakeholders. ofcom. org. uk/binaries/research/medialiteracy/report1. pdf How to cite Impact of Social Networking Sites on the Youth of India, Papers

Economic Activities Gross Domestic Product

Question: Discuss about the Economic Activities for Gross Domestic Product. Answer: Introduction Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures the market value of every economic activities of a country. Non-market services as well as the attributed rents are measured by the GDP. However, it does not include voluntary activities such as the unpaid housework. In the year 2015, GDP in Japan was worth 4124 billion US dollars. In Japan the value of GDP represents 7 percent of the total economy. As per the records, the real GDP in the first quarter of 2016 was 0.5 percent quarter on quarter. It was somewhat faster than the approximate of 0.4 percent in the first preliminary approximate. The first preliminary approximate was published in the month of May (Lockwood, 2015). In the year 2012, the industry sector contributed 27.5 percent of the GDP in Japan. The major industries in Japan are motor vehicles, machine tools, ships, textiles, electronic equipment, steel and processed foods. The automobile industry in Japan produces the second largest amount of vehicles in the world after China. Although, China produces the largest amount of vehicles, Japan remains technologically advanced automobile industry in the world. In the world, Japan is home to six of the top twenty major vehicle companies. In the year 2009, the automobile industry managed to record an enormous 10.5 percent growth in spite of the worldwide financial crisis (Wilks Wright, 2016). Economic System Japan has developed worldwide free market economy. Free market economy is very competitive. In such economy system, business organizations competes with each other in order to gain profit. In the year 2012, the economy in Japan was the third largest in the world. In the late 19th century, Japan was the only economy to be industrialized alongside the Western counterparts. However, as compared to other advanced countries, the sluggishness of the economy of Japan is prominent (Gilpin, 2016). The economy of Japan has been suffering from low levels of GDP as well as the falling in the price levels. Aging population is considered as one of the major factors that caused deflation in Japan. Weak demand is also considered as one of the major factor for long-term deflation. The probable growth ability of the economy of Japan faces a higher obstacle in population ageing and declining rate of birth (Knox et al., 2014). However, Japan has made some structural reform in all the areas of the economy. The coordination of the economic decision includes giving main concern to networking in order to enhance a system of cooperation. This will help the elderly people and the youth to grow together in pursuit of a country with less inequality related economic distortion. This will in turn lead to growth, as the skilled human resources will be nurtured. Japan will require expanding the international flow of people, commodities and information in order to continue the self-motivated growth (Sugimoto, 2014). The economic questions that can be addressed in the case of Japan are as follows: 1. Why the economy of Japan has lost its strength? 2. Why deflation has continued for a longer period in Japan? The first question has been addressed because Japan has witnessed a huge loss in productivity. The main reason for the decrease in productivity is the aging of the population. The aging of population led to the decrease in both the level of investment and consumption. The second question has been addressed because the economy of Japan is suffering from the prolonged deflation. The greatest cause of the deflation is lack in demand. Deflation has also lowered the nominal GDP, thereby increasing the debt ratio and intimidating the fiscal sustainability (Nishizaki et al. 2014). In the first quarter of 2016, the economy of Japan grew at an annualized rate of 1.7 percent. As a result, the economy has been able to avoid technical recession due to the increase in GDP. The anticipated rate of growth suggested that the economy of Japan had managed to shake off the consequences of a slowdown in China. In order to overcome the effects of the aging population, it is very important to increase the participation of labor force. Japan should make the most of the human resources to increase productivity. This is mainly because the working-age population is expected to fall by the year 2050. Educational reforms are very important to increase the productivity in Japan. This will help to improve the tax and the social security systems (Cummings, 2014). Income Equality / Inequality Japan has one of the largest degrees of income equality as compared to any other industrialized countries on the world. The relative identical distribution of income in Japan has been accredited to a number of factors. The factors include the low rates of rural poverty that is caused by land reform as well as industrial decentralization (Lise et al. 2014). However, due to some recent changes there has been unequal distribution of income in Japan. As recorded, the wealth in Japan as well as the income that it produces is much less evenly distributed than the total income. The appreciation in the stock market and the prices of the property in Tokyo led to the degree of inequality in income and wealth in Japan. The exclusion of the capital profits from reported income and the imperfect coverage of the population are the major determinants that led to the unequal distribution of income. The consciousness of rising income gap is increasing in Japan as it is turning into a society of discrepancy (Wang Kutan, 2013). The increasing inequality in income had commenced since 1980s. It shows that since 1980s there has been an increase in the Gini Coefficient that is considered as a measure of income inequality. The Lorenz Curve mainly defines the Gini Coefficient. Figure: Lorenz Curve (Source: Created By Author) If the area between the line of Lorenz Curve and perfect distribution is A and the surface below the Lorenz Curve is B, in that case the Gini Coefficient is A / A+B. The increase in the Gini Coefficient showed that Japan is no longer an equal society. As per the reports, the income inequality in Japan had exceeded the income inequality in U.S. The result has been found with the help of Gini Coefficient that analyzed the total household instead of a specific age group (Oshio Urakawa, 2014). The major causes for the increase in the inequality in income and wealth are the changes in the earnings, the structure of households as well as taxes and social protection in Japan. The aging of the population is also considered as one of the major cause for the increasing inequality. In addition, globalizations as well as changes in technology are also taken into consideration (Yitzhaki Schechtman, 2013). The aging of population became the chief reason for the increasing inequality in Japan. It contributed to 24 percent of the increasing inequality in Japan. The increase in inequality was largely common within the age group of fifty-five to sixty-four. According to a survey conducted by the Ministry of Health, it was found that the aging of population led to 64 percent increase in the Gini Coefficient. The aging of the population along with the declining rate of birth and decrease in population led to the increasing income inequality (Sadana et al., 2016). Another important factor that contributed to the increasing Gini Coefficient is the change in the structure of households. The main cause for the increase in income inequality is the increase in the aged households as well as the decline in the size of households. It has been found that more than half of the aged population is single household. Externalities and Market Failure The kind of externality that moved the economy from one equilibrium to another was complexity externality. It moved the economy of Japan from the equilibrium where both the economic growth and prices of asset were high to an economy where both are low. A complexity externality takes place when the worsening of balance sheets is caused by the devaluation of the bubble. This in turn resulted in incompetent performance of the economy. A complexity externality is caused by the organization failure in the network of the division of labor. The complexity externality forms a vicious circle that traps the economy into a sluggish equilibrium (Menell Meurer, 2013). The externality will also lead to the failure of the market in Japan, as the price equilibrium is not able to reflect the true costs and benefits of manufactured goods. The complexity externality is mainly categorized under negative externality. This will in turn lead to lower production and equilibrium that is more efficient (Mariappanadar, 2012). Japan faced a management failure that is mainly concerned with the organization choice of whether or not to make relation-specific investment (c). However, if all the organization decides to implement relation-specific investment, then the net output that will be obtained is pyh c. As a result, the economy accomplishes optimum. On the other hand, if one organization (i) in Japan anticipates that, another organization (j) in the similar network will not implement the investment; in that case the best step will be not to make an investment. The organization (j) will produce only yl; hence, organization (i) will be able to obtain only pyl c by making an investment. Complexity Externality = p (yh yl) c The growing complexity externality raises the difficulties in making certain the stable economic development. Complexity externality also affected the sustainable development of the society. This in turn led the intervention of the government to influence the economic subsystem of the society in a significant way. The environment of a number of smaller agents changed due to the intervention of the government. The intervention of government stabilized the price and led to the development of the economy (Battiston, 2013). Conclusion It has been concluded that The appreciation in the stock market and the prices of the property in Tokyo led to the degree of inequality in income and wealth in Japan. Aging population is considered as one of the major factors that caused deflation in Japan. The degree of income inequality among the senior age groups has broadened to a great extent. Japan has made some structural improvement in all the areas of the economy. The organization of the economic decision includes giving main concern to networking in order to enhance a system of cooperation. In the near future, the demographics are likely to change due to ageing of population. By the year 2060, the ratio will be 1.19 employees per senior. As a result, this will put burden on the young generation. The wage ratios are also likely to be reduced and this will in turn lead to increase in unemployment. The companies in Japan are likely to compete against the worldwide market and as a result they are trying to decrease the type of social network and social security net. References Battiston, S. (2013). DebtRank Analysis of Japanese Credit Network. Cummings, W. K. (2014).Education and equality in Japan. Princeton University Press. Gilpin, R. (2016).The political economy of international relations. Princeton University Press. Knox, P., Agnew, J. A., McCarthy, L. (2014).The geography of the world economy. Routledge. Lise, J., Sudo, N., Suzuki, M., Yamada, K., Yamada, T. (2014). Wage, income and consumption inequality in Japan, 19812008: from boom to lost decades.Review of Economic Dynamics,17(4), 582-612. Lockwood, W. W. (2015).Economic development of Japan. Princeton University Press. Mariappanadar, S. (2012). The harm indicators of negative externality of efficiency focused organizational practices.International Journal of Social Economics,39(3), 209-220. Menell, P. S., Meurer, M. J. (2013). Notice Failure and Notice Externalities.Journal of Legal Analysis, las019. Nishizaki, K., Sekine, T., Ueno, Y. (2014). Chronic deflation in Japan.Asian Economic Policy Review,9(1), 20-39. Oshio, T., Urakawa, K. (2014). 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